LESSON 10

X

The Human Body

(O texto abaixo é uma compilação de textos retirados do WIKIPEDIA.COM e do WIKI.ANSWERS.COM)

The human body is the entire structure of a human organism, and consists of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs. By the time the human reaches adulthood, the body consists of close to 100 trillion cells^[1], the basic unit of life. These cells are organised biologically to eventually form the whole body.

Superficial anatomy or surface anatomy is important in human anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily identified from the contours or other reference points on the surface of the body.^[1] With knowledge of superficial anatomy, physicians gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.

Common names of well known parts of the human body, from top to bottom:

Head  – Forehead  – Jaw  – Cheek  – Chin - Neck – Shoulder - Arm  – Elbow  – Wrist  – Hand  – Finger  – Thumb - Spine  – Chest  – Thorax - Abdomen  – Groin - Hip  – Buttocks  – Leg  – Thigh  – Knee  – Calf  – Heel  – Ankle  – Foot  – Toe - Eye, ear, nose, mouth, teeth, tongue, throat, adam's apple, breast, penis, scrotum, clitoris, vulva, navel are also superficial structures.

The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. It serves as a scaffold which supports organs, anchors muscles, and protects organs such as the brain, lungs and heart. The biggest bone in the body is the femur in the thigh and the smallest is the stapes bone in the middle ear. In an adult, the skeleton comprises around 30-40% of the total body weight,^[1] and half of this weight is water.
Fused bones include those of the pelvis and the cranium. Not all bones are interconnected directly: there are three bones in each middle ear called the ossicles that articulate only with each other. The hyoid bone, which is located in the neck and serves as the point of attachment for the tongue, does not articulate with any other bones in the body, being supported by muscles and ligaments.

There are 206 bones in the adult body.

Axial Skeletal Bones:
Cranial Bones: Ethmoid bone, Frontal Bone, Occipital bone, Parietal bones, Sphenoid bone, & Temporal bones
Facial Bones: Inferior Nasal Conchae, Lacrimal bones, Mandible, Maxillae (Maxilla singular), Nasal bones, Palatine bones, Vomer, Zygomatic bones, & Hyoid bone
Vertebral Column: 7 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 (fused) Sacral, & 4 (fused) Coccygeal vertebrae
Thoracic Region: 24 Ribs & Sternum
Appendicular Skeletal Bones:
In the Arms and Hands: Clavicles, Scapulae (Scapula singular), Humeri (Humerus singular), Radii (Radius singular), Ulnae (Ulna singular), 8 Carpals (Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate) in each wrist, 5 Metacarpals in each hand, & 14 Phalanges in each hand
In the Legs and Feet: Illium, Ischium, & Pubis (Illium, Ischium, and Pubis are fused together in adults and called the Os Coxae), Femurs, Patellae (Patella singular), Tibiae (Tibia singular), Fibulae (Fibula singular), 7 Tarsals (Tarsus singular - Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular bone, Cuboid bone, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, Cuneiform bones) in each ankle, 5 Metatarsals in each foot, & 14 Phalanges (Phalanx singular) in each foot

Internal organs (by region)

Head and neck
Brain - Amygdala -Basal ganglia - Brain stem  - medulla - midbrain - pons - Cerebellum - Cerebral cortex -Hypothalamus - Limbic system - Eye - Pituitary - Thyroid and Parathyroids
Thorax

Heart - Lung - Esophagus - Thymus - Pleura

Abdomen and pelvis (both sexes)

Adrenals - Appendix - Bladder - Gallbladder - Large intestine - Small intestine - Kidney - Liver - Pancreas – Spleen - Stomach

Male pelvis

Prostate - Testes

Female pelvis
Ovaries - Uterus

§1 Cognatos e Falsos Cognatos (Cognates and False Friends)

Palavras cognatas são vocábulos que contém uma mesma origem etimológica em línguas distintas. Por exemplo, em português Uterus é útero. Como estas contêm a forma parecida e o mesmo significado, chamamos estas de palavras cognatas. Em inglês, geralmente as palavras cognatas são aquelas derivadas do latim. Em textos científicos ocorrem um grande número de cognatos, como pudemos ver nos textos acima. Porém, nem todas as palavras que são parecidas com português têm o mesmo significado. Por exemplo, a palavra actually, em português, não significa “atualmente” e sim “na verdade”. Abaixo, uma pequena lista de falsos cognatos.

EM INGLÊS	SIGNIFICA EM PORTUGUÊS	MAS PARECE SER	QUE EM INGLÊS É
ACTUAL	REAL	ATUAL	PRESENT
BARRACS	QUARTEL	BARRACA	HUT, TENT
COMPREHENSIVE	COMPLETO, TOTAL	COMPREENSIVO	UNDERSTANDING
DATA	DADOS, INFORMAÇÕES	DATA	DATE
ESTATE	PROPRIEDADE, IMÓVEL	ESTADO	STATE
FABRIC	TECIDO	FÁBRICA	FACTORY
GRIP	AGARRAR FIRME	GRIPE	COLD