domingo, 13 de maio de 2012
LESSON 13
XIII
Some words and phrases help to develop ideas and relate them to one another. These kinds of words and phrases are often called discourse markers. Note that most of these discourse markers are formal and used when speaking in a formal context or when presenting complicated information in writing.
on the other hand; while; whereas
These expressions give expression to two ideas which contrast but do not contradict each other.
Examples:
Football is popular in England, while in Australia they prefer cricket.
We've been steadily improving our customer service center. On the other hand our shipping department needs to be redesigned.
Jack thinks we're ready to begin whereas Tom things we still need to wait.
We've been steadily improving our customer service center. On the other hand our shipping department needs to be redesigned.
Jack thinks we're ready to begin whereas Tom things we still need to wait.
however, nonetheless, nevertheless
All these words are used to present two contrasting ideas.
Examples:
Smoking is proved to be dangerous to the health. Nonetheless, 40% of the population smokes.
Our teacher promised to take us on a field trip. However, he changed his mind last week.
Peter was warned not to invest all of his savings in the stock market. Nevertheless, he invested and lost everything.
Our teacher promised to take us on a field trip. However, he changed his mind last week.
Peter was warned not to invest all of his savings in the stock market. Nevertheless, he invested and lost everything.
moreover, furthermore, in addition
We use these expressions to add information to what has been said. The usage of these words is much more elegant than just making a list or using the conjunction 'and'.
Examples:
His problems with his parents are extremely frustrating. Moreover, there seems to be no easy solution to them.
I assured him that I would come to his presentation. Furthermore, I also invited a number of important representatives from the local chamber of commerce.
Our energy bills have been increasing steadily. In addition to these costs, our telephone costs have doubled over the past six months.
I assured him that I would come to his presentation. Furthermore, I also invited a number of important representatives from the local chamber of commerce.
Our energy bills have been increasing steadily. In addition to these costs, our telephone costs have doubled over the past six months.
therefore, as a result, consequently
These expressions show that the second statement follows logically from the first statement.
Examples:
He reduced the amount of time studying for his final exams. As a result, his marks were rather low.
We've lost over 3,000 customers over the past six months. Consequently, we have been forced to cut back our advertising budget.
The government has drastically reduced its spending. Therefore, a number of programs have been canceled.
We've lost over 3,000 customers over the past six months. Consequently, we have been forced to cut back our advertising budget.
The government has drastically reduced its spending. Therefore, a number of programs have been canceled.
| No | Pessoa | Pronome Pessoal | Pronome Possessivo | Pronome Reflexivo | ||
| Sujeito | Objeto | Adjetivo | Possessivo | |||
| S I N G U L A R | 1a pessoa | I (EU) | ME (ME/MIM) | MY (MEU) | MINE (MEU) | MYSELF (EU MESMO) |
| 2a pessoa | YOU (VOCÊ) THOU (TU) | YOU (TE/TI) THEE | YOUR (SEU) THY (TEU) | YOURS (SEU) THINE (TEU) | YOURSELF (VOCÊ MESMO) THYSELF (TU MESMO) | |
| 3a pessoa | HE (ELE) | HIM (ELE) | HIS (DELE) | HIS (DELE) | HIMSELF (ELE MESMO) | |
| SHE (ELA) | HER (ELA) | HER (DELA) | HERS (DELA) | HERSELF (ELA MESMA) | ||
| IT (ELE/ELA)* | IT (ELE/ELA)* | - | ITS | ITSELF (ELE/ELA MESMO) | ||
| P L U R A L | 1a pessoa | WE (NÓS) | US (NOS) | OUR (NOSSO) | OURS (NOSSO) | OURSELVES (NÓS MESMOS) |
| 2a pessoa | YOU (VOCÊS) | YOU (VOCÊS) | YOUR (SEUS) | YOURS (SEUS) | YOURSELVES (VOCÊS MESMOS) | |
| 3a pessoa | THEY (ELES) | THEM (ELES) | THEIR (DELES) | THEIRS (DELES) | THEIRSELVES (ELES MESMOS) | |
| Adjetivo | Tradução | Comparativo de Superioridade | Superlativo de Superioridade | Graus do Adjetivo |
| Accompanying | | | |
à AS… AS…
à More… than (adjetivo longo) à -er… than (adjetivo curto) 3. Comparativo de inferioridade à Less… than
à The most… (adjetivo longo) à The –est… (adjetivo curto)
à The least… |
| Acquainted | | | | |
| Adequate | | | | |
| Applicable | | | | |
| Available | | | | |
| Complete | | | | |
| Electric | | | | |
| Electrical | | | | |
| Equivalent | | | | |
| General | | | | |
| High | | | | |
| Important | | | | |
| Improper | | | | |
| International | | | | NOTAS |
| Licensed | | | | |
| Medical | | | | |
| National | | | | |
| Practical | | | | |
| Prepared | | | | |
| Qualified | | | | |
| Sophisticated | | | | |
| Special | | | | |
| Trained | | | | |
| Transportation | | | | |
| Understanding | | | | |
| Urged | | | | |
| Useful | | | |
| 0 zero 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten | 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty | 21 twenty-one 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 a/one hundred 1,000 a/one thousand 10,000 ten thousand 100,000 a/one hundred thousand 1,000,000 a/one million 1,000,000,000 a/one billion |
| Plus (+) Minus (-) Divided by (/) Times (x) Equals (=) Percent (%) | ||
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